Monday, November 23, 2009

波斯 Persia Iran 伊朗

source: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/波斯http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/伊朗http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran

Persia (Persianایران [ʔiˈɾɒn]( listen)),  The name Iran has been in usenatively and came into international use from 1935, before which the country was known internationally as Persia. Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural context; however, Iran is the name used officially in political context.[10][11] The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan, and means "Land of the Aryans"

Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC.[18][19][20]


The first Iranian dynasty formed during the Elamite kingdom in 2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified Iran into an empire in 625 BC.[3] They were succeeded by three Iranian Empires, the AchaemenidsParthians and Sassanids, which governed Iran for more than 1000 years. Iranian post-Islamic dynasties and empires expanded the Persian language and culture throughout the Iranian plateau. Early Iranian dynasties which re-asserted Iranian independence included the TahiridsSaffaridsSamanids and Buyids. The blossoming of Persian literaturephilosophy,medicineastronomymathematics and art became major elements of Muslim civilization and started with the Saffarids and Samanids. Iran was once again reunified as an independent state in 1501 by the Safavid dynasty[4]—who promoted Twelver Shi'a Islam[21] as the officialreligion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.[22] "Persia's Constitutional Revolution"established the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy. Iran officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979, following the Iranian Revolution.[23][24]


波斯伊朗歐洲的舊稱譯音。歷史上在這一西南亞地區曾建立過多個的帝國。全盛時期領土東至巴基斯坦,西北至土耳其、歐洲的馬其頓色雷斯,西南至埃及


自從前600年開始,希臘人把這一地區叫做「波斯」。這個名稱來自於波斯的一個地區帕斯(Pars)。直到1935年,歐洲人一直使用波斯來稱呼這個地區和位於這一地區的國家。而波斯人則從薩珊王朝開始稱呼自己的國家為「伊朗」,意為「雅利安人的家園」。




西元前4世紀中葉,波斯帝國國力式微,遭亞歷山大帝國所滅。中世紀至至西元18世紀初先後由阿拉伯人突厥人蒙古人統治。



16世紀初,依斯馬依·薩法威(Ismail Safavi)抗拒鄂圖曼土耳其帝國,建立薩非王朝,並以回教什葉派為國教。18世紀初贊德王朝(Zand Dynasty)、卡加王朝(Qajar Dynasty)相繼崛起,但因長期戰亂,國勢衰竭,屢次受到外國入侵。俄羅斯帝國攫取大片領土。俄為了防堵德國勢力深入中東1907年協議瓜分波斯,俄國控有北部,英國佔有南部,僅留中間作為緩衝區,仍由卡加王朝治理。

伊朗文化地區歷史
古代
現代
伊朗
亞塞拜疆
阿富汗
塔吉克
烏茲別克

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